Analisis Tingkat Seismisitas dan Tingkat Kerapuhan Batuan di Maluku Utara

ANALISIS TINGKAT SEISMISITAS DAN TINGKAT KERAPUHAN BATUAN DI MALUKU UTARA ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menentukan tingkat seismisitas dan tingkat kerapuhan batuan melalui perhitungan nilai a dan b secara spasial di Maluku Utara menggunakan katalog gempa ANSS tahun 1963-2015 dengan metode maksimum likelihood, menghitung kemungkinan waktu terjadinya kembali gempa bumi merusak secara spasial, serta untuk menenentukan daerah-daerah yang sangat rawan berpotensi gempa merusak di wilayah Maluku Utara. Perhitungan nilai a dan b dari data ANSS untuk wilayah Maluku Utara menunjukkan besar nilai b adalah berkisar pada 0,75-1,5 dan nilai a adalah berkisar pada 6,5-10. Periode ulang gempa bumi untuk wilayah Maluku Utara dengan magnitude Mw = 6,5 adalah 3-19 tahun, gempa dengan magnitude Mw = 7 adalah 5-52 tahun, dan gempa dengan magnitude Mw = 7,5 adalah 15-140 tahun. Daerah-daerah yang berpotensi mengalami gempa bumi merusak adalah wilayah Laut Maluku, Ternate, Tidore, sebagian wilayah Kabupaten Halmahera Utara dan Barat, Pulau Kasiruta dan Pulau Obi. Kata kunci: nilai-b, seismisitas, maximum likelihood ANALYSIS OF SEISMICITY LEVEL AND ROCKS FRAGILITY LEVEL IN NORTH MALUKU ABSTRACT A research has ben conducted to determine the seismicity level and rocks fragility level through spatially calculation of a value and b value in North Maluku using ANSS earthquake catalog of years 1963-2015 with maximum likelihood method, spatially calculate possible time of destructive earthquake recurrence, and to determine areas that highly prone to potentially destructive earthquake in North Maluku. A value and b value calculation of ANSS data of North Maluku region shows that b value is in the range of 0.75-1.5 and a value is in the range of 6.5-10. Earthquake repetition period of North Maluku region based on ANSS data with magnitude Mw = 6.5 is 3-19 years, for earthquake with magnitude Mw = 7 is 5-52 years and for earthquake with magnitude Mw = 7.5 is 15-140 years. Areas that potentially have destructive earthquake is Molucca Sea region, Ternate, Tidore, parts of North and West Halmahera District, Kasiruta Island and Obi Island

Identifikasi Patahan Manado dengan Menggunakan Metode Geolistrik Konfigurasi Wenner di Kota Manado

IDENTIFIKASI PATAHAN MANADO DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE GEOLISTRIK KONFIGURASI WENNER DI KOTA MANADOABSTRAK Identifikasi keberadaan patahan Manado, Sulawesi Utara di Jalan Ringroad Kelurahan Malendeng Kecamatan Paaldua telah dilakukan penelitian menggunakan metode geolistrik tahanan jenis konfigurasi Wenner pada satu lokasi dengan dua lintasan pengukuran dengan panjang bentangan masing-masing 400 meter dengan spasi elektroda 20 meter. Data diolah dengan menggunakan software RES2DINV. Diperoleh hasil dari kedua lintasan dengan nilai resistivitas pada lintasan 1 bernilai (ρ < 311,5 Ωm) dan pada lintasan 2 nilai resistivitas bernilai (ρ < 98,8 Ωm). Nilai resistivitas dengan (ρ < 311,5 Ωm) pada lintasan 1, dan nilai resistivitas (ρ < 98,8 Ωm) pada lintasan 2 menunjukkan rekahan pada lintasan 1 terdapat pada titik bentangan ke 220-240 meter dengan kedalaman 37 meter dan terdapat pada titik ke 280-300 meter dengan kedalaman 15 meter. Sedangkan pada lintasan 2 rekahan terdapat pada titik ke 240-260 meter dengan kedalaman 15 meter. Kata Kunci : Patahan Manado, Metode geolistrik, Konfigurasi Wenner, Software RES2DINV. IDENTIFICATION OF MANADO FAULT BY USING GEOLECTRICAL METHOD RESISTIVITY CONFIGURATION OF WENNER AT MANADO ABSTRACT Identification of existence Manado fault, North Sulawesi at Ringroad Street, in Malendeng Village subdistrict Paaldua has been done research by using geoelectrical resistivity method configuration of Wenner in one located with measurement in two lines each others 400 meters in space electrode is 20 meters. Data processing is done by using RES2DINV software. resistivity value in the two lines show that for the first line (ρ 311,5 Ωm) and second line (ρ 98,8 Ωm). This resistivity in the first line (ρ 311,5 Ωm) and second line (ρ 98,8 Ωm) is founded already joint in first line at point 220-240 meters with depth is 37 meters and at point 280-300 meters with depth is 15 meters and second line position of joint stays at point 240-260 with depth is 15 meters

Analisis Medan Magnet Bumi Sebelum Dan Sesudah Kejadian Gempa (Studi Kasus: Gempa 18 November 2014 Di Sabang)

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis Perubahan medan magnet bumi sebelum dan sesudah kejadian gempa 18 November 2014 di Sabang yang dapat dikenali sebagai prekursor gempa bumi. Metode yang digunakan adalah perbandingan residu medan magnet komponen Z dan H. Untuk memastikan anomali yang diperoleh bukan berasal dari gangguan eksternal, data diverifikasi dengan Indeks Dst. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa anomali medan magnet terjadi pada 2 dan 8 hari sebelum gempa. Anomali diduga kuat berasal dari aktivitas litosfer yang berkaitan dengan retakan yang terjadi pada batuan yang dialiri cairan yang mengandung material bersifat magnet yang menyebabkan kenaikan nilai rasio medan magnet Z/H.A research has been done to identify and analyze earth's magnetic field change before and after November 18th, 2014 earthquake in Sabang that can be recognize as an earthquake precursor. Method that used ini this research was comparison of Z and H residu of magnetic's field. To ensure that anomaly identified were not of due to external disturbances that records, data were examined by Dst Index. The result of this research showed that magnetic's field anomaly were identified in 2 and 8 days before earthquake event. This anomaly was predicted from lithosphere that associated with rock's crack that flow by liquid that contains magnetic material cause increased of magnetic's field Z/H rasio

Study of the physicochemical quality of water in the Sebi-Ponty basin at Diamniadio (Senegal)

The Sebi-Ponty dam has a basin that is widely used by the population for agro-pastoral activities (animal watering, agriculture, etc.). This basin covers an average area of 106,000 m2 and an average depth of 7 m or about a volume of 435,000 m3. The origin of the water is rainfall (runoff and direct descent). The availability of water is estimated to eight months taking into account the water being drawn, infiltration and evaporation. A qualitative knowledge of the contents of this pool will be a great benefit to those activities of the population. Itrsquos in this context that this study was carried out by this group of researchers, following physic-chemical compositions were targeted: turbidity, color, temperature, conductivity, pH, hardness alkalinity, nitrite, iron, phosphate, boron, and chlorine concentrations. The physico-chemical results obtained on samples taken in the basin between October and December showed that the concentrations of boron, iron and nitrite exceeded the levels recommended by the standard for agro pastoral needs. While turbidity, color, temperature, conductivity, pH, hardness, alkalinity, phosphate and chlorine are at acceptable levels

Text Line Segmentation of Historical Documents: a Survey

There is a huge amount of historical documents in libraries and in various National Archives that have not been exploited electronically. Although automatic reading of complete pages remains, in most cases, a long-term objective, tasks such as word spotting, text/image alignment, authentication and extraction of specific fields are in use today. For all these tasks, a major step is document segmentation into text lines. Because of the low quality and the complexity of these documents (background noise, artifacts due to aging, interfering lines),automatic text line segmentation remains an open research field. The objective of this paper is to present a survey of existing methods, developed during the last decade, and dedicated to documents of historical interest.Comment: 25 pages, submitted version, To appear in International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition, On line version available at http://www.springerlink.com/content/k2813176280456k3

External Ocular Surface Bacterial Isolates and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns among Pre-operative Cataract Patients at Mulago National Hospital in Kampala, Uganda.

Endophthalmitis is a severe complication of cataract surgery which leads to high ocular morbidity and visual loss even with antibiotic treatment. Bacterial ocular floras are the implicated causative agents. This study was undertaken to evaluate the external ocular surface bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among pre-operative cataract patients at Mulago National Hospital. This cross sectional study enrolled consecutively 131 patients scheduled for routine cataract surgery in the Department of Ophthalmology at Mulago National Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. Eyelid margin and conjunctival swabs were collected and processed using standard microbiological procedures to identify bacterial isolates and their respective antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Of 131 patients involved (mean age 63.3 ± 14.5 years), 54.2% (71/131) were females. The eyelid margin and conjunctival samples were culture positive in 59.5% (78/138) and 45.8% (60/138) respectively. The most common organisms identified were Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) [65.9% (91/138)] and Staphylococcus aureus [21.0% (29/138)]. CoNS showed the highest resistance to tetracycline (58.2%, 53/91) and erythromycin (38.5%, 35/91), whereas in S. aureus the resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin were 55.2% (16/29) and 31.0% (9/29) respectively. Methicillin resistant CoNS (MRS) and Methicillin resistance S. aureus (MRSA) were 31.9% (29/91) and 27.6% (8/29) respectively. There were low resistance rates for CoNS, S. aureus and other bacterial isolates to ciprofloxacin (11.1%-24.2%), gentamicin (5.6-31.0%), tobramycin (17.2% -25.3%) and vancomycin (0.0%). CoNS and S. aureus are the most common bacterial isolates found on the external ocular surface of the pre-operative cataract patients. Ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin and vancomycin showed the lowest resistance rates to all bacterial isolates, therefore may be used to reduce bacteria load in the conjunctiva sac among cataract patients prior to surgery

Molecular characterizations of the coagulase-negative staphylococci species causing urinary tract infection in Tanzania : a laboratory-based cross-sectional study

Funding: This study is part of the Holistic Approach to Unravel Antibacterial Resistance in East Africa (HATUA) project funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Medical Research Council and the Department of Health and Social Care, Award (MR/S004785/1).Background: There is a growing body of evidence on the potential involvement of coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) in causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The aim of this study was to delineate virulence potential, antimicrobial resistance genes, and sequence types of CoNS isolated from patients with UTI symptoms and pyuria in Tanzania. Methods: CoNS from patients with UTI symptoms and more than 125 leucocytes/μL were retrieved, subcultured, and whole-genome sequenced. Results: Out of 65 CoNS isolates, 8 species of CoNS were identified; Staphylococcus haemolyticus, n = 27 (41.5%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis, n = 24 (36.9%), were predominant. The majority of S. haemolyticus were sequence type (ST) 30, with 8 new ST138-145 reported, while the majority of S. epidermidis were typed as ST490 with 7 new ST1184-1190 reported. Sixty isolates (92.3%) had either one or multiple antimicrobial resistance genes. The most frequently detected resistance genes were 53 (21%) dfrG, 32 (12.9%) blaZ, and 26 (10.5%) mecA genes conferring resistance to trimethoprim, penicillin, and methicillin, respectively. Out of 65 isolates, 59 (90.8%) had virulence genes associated with UTI, with a predominance of the icaC 47 (46.5%) and icaA 14 (13.9%) genes. Conclusion: S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis harboring icaC, dfrG, blaZ, and mecA genes were the predominant CoNS causing UTI in Tanzania. Laboratories should carefully interpret the significant bacteriuria due to CoNS in relation to UTI symptoms and pyuria before labeling them as contaminants. Follow-up studies to document the outcome of the treated patients is needed to add more evidence that CoNS are UTI pathogens.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Genetic diversity and risk factors for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance across human, animals and environmental compartments in East Africa: a review.

BACKGROUND The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present a challenge to disease control in East Africa. Resistance to beta-lactams, which are by far the most used antibiotics worldwide and include the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems, is reducing options for effective control of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health have all advocated surveillance of AMR using an integrated One Health approach. Regional consortia also have strengthened collaboration to address the AMR problem through surveillance, training and research in a holistic and multisectoral approach. This review paper contains collective information on risk factors for transmission, clinical relevance and diversity of resistance genes relating to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) across the human, animal and environmental compartments in East Africa. MAIN BODY The review of the AMR literature (years 2001 to 2019) was performed using search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google and Web of Science. The search terms included 'antimicrobial resistance and human-animal-environment', 'antimicrobial resistance, risk factors, genetic diversity, and human-animal-environment' combined with respective countries of East Africa. In general, the risk factors identified were associated with the transmission of AMR. The marked genetic diversity due to multiple sequence types among drug-resistant bacteria and their replicon plasmid types sourced from the animal, human and environment were reported. The main ESBL, MRSA and carbapenem related genes/plasmids were the CTX-Ms (45.7%), SCCmec type III (27.3%) and IMP types (23.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION The high diversity of the AMR genes suggests there may be multiple sources of resistance bacteria, or the possible exchange of strains or a flow of genes amongst different strains due to transfer by mobile genetic elements. Therefore, there should be harmonized One Health guidelines for the use of antibiotics, as well as regulations governing their importation and sale. Moreover, the trend of ESBLs, MRSA and carbapenem resistant (CAR) carriage rates is dynamic and are on rise over time period, posing a public health concern in East Africa. Collaborative surveillance of AMR in partnership with regional and external institutions using an integrated One Health approach is required for expert knowledge and technology transfer to facilitate information sharing for informed decision-making

A limited-size ensemble of homogeneous CNN/LSTMs for high-performance word classification

The strength of long short-term memory neural networks (LSTMs) that have been applied is more located in handling sequences of variable length than in handling geometric variability of the image patterns. In this paper, an end-to-end convolutional LSTM neural network is used to handle both geometric variation and sequence variability. The best results for LSTMs are often based on large-scale training of an ensemble of network instances. We show that high performances can be reached on a common benchmark set by using proper data augmentation for just five such networks using a proper coding scheme and a proper voting scheme. The networks have similar architectures (convolutional neural network (CNN): five layers, bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM): three layers followed by a connectionist temporal classification (CTC) processing step). The approach assumes differently scaled input images and different feature map sizes. Three datasets are used: the standard benchmark RIMES dataset (French); a historical handwritten dataset KdK (Dutch); the standard benchmark George Washington (GW) dataset (English). Final performance obtained for the word-recognition test of RIMES was 96.6%, a clear improvement over other state-of-the-art approaches which did not use a pre-trained network. On the KdK and GW datasets, our approach also shows good results. The proposed approach is deployed in the Monk search engine for historical-handwriting collections

Whole genome sequencing reveals high clonal diversity of Escherichia coli isolated from patients in a tertiary care hospital in Moshi, Tanzania

Abstract Background Limited information regarding the clonality of circulating E. coli strains in tertiary care hospitals in low and middle-income countries is available. The purpose of this study was to determine the serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. Further, we carried out a phylogenetic tree reconstruction to determine relatedness of E. coli isolated from patients in a tertiary care hospital in Tanzania. Methods E. coli isolates from inpatients admitted at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre between August 2013 and August 2015 were fully genome-sequenced at KCMC hospital. Sequence analysis was done for identification of resistance genes, Multi-Locus Sequence Typing, serotyping, and virulence genes. Phylogeny reconstruction using CSI Phylogeny was done to ascertain E. coli relatedness. Stata 13 (College Station, Texas 77,845 USA) was used to determine Cohen’s kappa coefficient of agreement between the phenotypically tested and whole genome sequence predicted antimicrobial resistance. Results Out of 38 E. coli isolates, 21 different sequence types (ST) were observed. Eight (21.1%) isolates belonged to ST131; of which 7 (87.5.%) were serotype O25:H4. Ten (18.4%) isolates belonged to ST10 clonal complex; of these, four (40.0%) were ST617 with serotype O89:H10. Twenty-eight (73.7%) isolates carried genes encoding beta-lactam resistance enzymes. On average, agreement across all drugs tested was 83.9%. Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) showed moderate agreement: 45.8%, kappa =15% and p = 0.08. Amoxicillin-clavulanate showed strongest agreement: 87.5%, kappa = 74% and p = 0.0001. Twenty-two (57.9%) isolates carried virulence factors for host cells adherence and 25 (65.7%) for factors that promote E. coli immune evasion by increasing survival in serum. The phylogeny analysis showed that ST131 clustering close together whereas ST10 clonal complex had a very clear segregation of the ST617 and a mix of the rest STs. Conclusion There is a high diversity of E. coli isolated from patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Tanzania. This underscores the necessity to routinely screen all bacterial isolates of clinical importance in tertiary health care facilities. WGS use for laboratory-based surveillance can be an effective early warning system for emerging pathogens and resistance mechanisms in LMICs